14th century), Krittibas Ojha's Krittivasi Ramayan (also known as Shri Ram Panchali) in Bengali (c. 13th century), Madhava Kandali's Saptakanda Ramayana in Assamese (c. 16th-century), Gona Budda Reddy's Ranganatha Ramayanam in Telugu (c. 13th century) and Narahari's Torave Ramayana in Kannada (c. 11th century), Kumudendu Muni' s Kumudendu Ramayana (a Jain version) (c.
11th–12th century), Champu Ramayanam of Bhoja (c. Retellings include Kamban's Ramavataram in Tamil (c. There are also Cambodian ( Reamker), Indonesian, Filipino, Thai ( Ramakien), Lao, Burmese and Malay versions of the tale. There are many versions of Ramayana in Indian languages, besides Buddhist, Sikh and Jain adaptations. Scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text range from the 7th to 4th centuries BCE, with later stages extending up to the 3rd century CE. It belongs to the genre of Itihasa, narratives of past events ( purāvṛtta), interspersed with teachings on the goals of human life. It consists of nearly 24,000 verses (mostly set in the Shloka/ Anustubh meter), divided into seven kāṇḍas, the first and the seventh being later additions.
The Ramayana is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature. The epic follows his fourteen-year exile to the forest urged by his father King Dasharatha, on the request of Rama's stepmother Kaikeyi his travels across forests in the Indian subcontinent with his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana, the kidnapping of Sita by Ravana – the king of Lanka, that resulted in war and Rama's eventual return to Ayodhya to be crowned king amidst jubilation and celebration. The epic, traditionally ascribed to the Maharishi Valmiki, narrates the life of Rama, a legendary prince of Ayodhya city in the kingdom of Kosala and was written at Amritsar in Punjab. Ramayana is one of the two Itihasas of Hinduism, the other being the Mahābhārata. Will Rama and his friends prevail, and will Sita return to him? Only these captivating pages will tell….The Rāmāyana ( / r ɑː ˈ m ɑː j ə n ə/ Sanskrit: रामायणम्, IAST: Rāmāyaṇam) is a Sanskrit epic from ancient India.
Even the gods gather to witness the harrowing battle. To rescue her, Rama enlists the help of hundreds of thousands of magical monkeys and bears to fight the demon army and win her back. None is as terrifying as Ravana, the ten-headed demon king who kidnaps Sita and takes her to a fortified city in the middle of the ocean. His brother Lakshmana and his wife, the beautiful princess Sita, loyally follow him into the depths of the mysterious forest, where they encounter strange and dangerous creatures. Rama is a brave young prince who is forced into exile. Now in an authoritative, gripping retelling by the renowned Ramayana scholar Arshia Sattar, readers have a new chance to explore this classic’s riches. Ramayana-an unforgettable tale of love, adventure, flying monkeys and god acting in the world of humans-has been treasured by readers around the world for thousands of years. The incomparable arrow held the wind in its feathers, the sun and the moon in its shining tip, the earth in its shaft and the power of the doomsday fire in its flight.” It had been given to him long ago by the sage Agastya who had told him that he could use it only once and only for a great enemy. “Rama pulled the splendid arrow out of his quiver. One of the world’s oldest and best-loved tales, now retold and illustrated in thrilling detail for readers of all ages.
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